Sowing seeds indoors is easy, cost-effective and fun. It ensures faster, more reliable germination, allows you to get growing earlier in the year and provides seedlings with protection from frost, damp weather and insect damage.

You can sow a wide range of seeds indoors, including:

Tender crops – such as tomatoes, chillies and courgettes
Half-hardy annuals – such as cosmos and nasturtiums
Hardy annuals and veg – such as sunflowers and broccoli
Annuals climbers – such as morning glory and sweet peas
Tender herbs – such as basil
Slow-growing crops – such as celeriac
Sowing times vary depending on the plant, so check seed packets for recommended indoor sowing months. As a general guide:

Sow in spring – most tender and half-hardy flowers and vegetables, for planting out in late spring and early summer
Sow in summer – biennial flowers, such as foxgloves, and fast-growing vegetables, such as salads
Sow in autumn – winter and early spring salads and vegetables, for planting out later in autumn, or growing undercover over winter
Sow in late winter – tender and half-hardy flowers and vegetables that need a long growing season, such as chillies
Most seeds can be sown directly from the packet, but some have tough seed coats that need to be pre-soaked, scraped or nicked (with sandpaper or a knife) to increase the chances of successful germination. Many tree seeds also need a specific period of cold and/or warmth (stratification) before they will germinate. Check seed packets for specific requirements.



Sweet pea seeds have a hard coat and benefit from preparing before sowing

What you'll need to sow seeds indoors:

Packet of seeds

Seed tray , modular tray or small pots, ideally biodegradable, or homemade paper pots or recycled food containers
Peat-free seed compost or sieved peat-free multi-purpose compost
Watering can with a rose
Plant label - ideally one made of wood, metal or slate that can be composted, recycled or repurposed
Propagator lid, piece of glass or clear plastic food tray, to cover
Warm place for seeds to germinate, such as a greenhouse or sunny windowsill

Top tip

If you have old packets of seeds, check their 'use by' date before sowing. Germination rates deteriorate over time, so you may get disappointing results from old seeds and end up having to start all over again with fresh ones at a later date.

How to sow seeds indoors in eight simple steps



Fill your seed tray , modular tray or pot. Use peat-free seed compost or sieved peat-free multi-purpose compost and fill to just below the rim, ensuring the corners are filled too. Pots and modules are best for larger seeds, while seed trays suit smaller ones.



Gently firm the compost Use another tray or a piece of wood to firm the compost down to about 1cm (½in) below the rim. This gives a flat surface to sow onto.



Sow your seeds Empty the seed packet into your palm or a shallow dish, then take a small pinch and scatter them thinly and evenly over the compost. Large seeds can be picked up and sown individually.



Cover the seeds. Sprinkle a light covering of sieved compost over the seeds – usually no more than the depth of the seed, but check the seed packet for details.



Water gently Use a watering can with an upside-down rose to create a gentle spray and avoid dislodging the seeds. Alternatively, stand pots or trays in water to soak up moisture from below, removing once the compost is thoroughly damp.



Label your pots and trays Add a label with the name of the seeds and the date sown.



Cover the seeds Place a piece of glass, propagator lid or clear plastic fruit tray over the pots and trays to help retain moisture and speed up germination



Place in a warm, sunny spot to germinate A greenhouse or south- or west-facing windowsill is ideal. Most seeds need a temperature of around 18°C to germinate, but check the seed packet for specific requirements.

Top Tip

If you have lots of seeds to sow in individual pots or modules and want to save time, or are sowing large seeds that need burying deeply, use a dibber to make holes for each one. Rather than sprinkling compost over the seeds to cover them, simply pinch the compost on either side of the holes.

Aftercare



Check regularly for germination – seedlings may emerge in as little as a few days. Remove the glass or plastic covering as soon as they appear.
Keep in a bright spotand water lightly every few days – never let the compost dry out completely, but it shouldn't be saturated with water.
Prick out seedlings into individual pots once large enough to handle, to prevent overcrowding as they grow.
Move seedlings into larger pots as they grow to ensure they have the nutrients  they need to become strong and sturdy
Harden off young plants so they acclimatise to outdoor conditions ahead of planting outside once the risk of frost has passed.

Thanks to RHS for info and images

Wow! What a great article.  Just what I needed.  I remember years ago I bought a polyethyene seed starter with an electric bottom warming feature. That worked really well.

My mother grew all kinds of seeds and especially herbs for cooking and kept them in the basement with sun streaming through a window.

But you still need light to get success. 

I have parsley growing on my window sill.

I bought cosmos, basil, and parsley seeds at the dollar store.  Three packages fort one dollar.

They are McKenzie seeds but it doesn't give a best before date.

I'll give them a try.